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Over the years, Ethereum has undergone several important upgrades, each building on the last. From The Merge<\/strong> in 2022 (which moved Ethereum to proof-of-stake) to Dencun<\/strong> in 2024 (which introduced data \u201cblobs\u201d to help Layer-2 rollups scale via EIP-4844<\/strong>) and Pectra<\/strong> in May 2025 (which improved staking and data handling), these upgrades laid the groundwork for Ethereum\u2019s scalability roadmap. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Fusaka fits into this journey as the next leap forward \u2013 often described as an \u201cinfrastructure tune-up\u201d that prepares Ethereum for the next era of growth<\/strong>. In this blog, we\u2019ll break down what the Fusaka upgrade does, its timeline, and what it means for Ethereum users and investors alike. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The Fusaka upgrade is a major network update designed to increase Ethereum\u2019s throughput (transaction capacity) and efficiency. One headline change is that Fusaka will raise the block gas limit \u2013 effectively the amount of computation and data each block can carry \u2013 from about 45 million to 150 million gas units.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In practical terms, this means each new Ethereum block will be able to include more transactions and data than before, helping the network process more activity and reduce congestion. With this change, Ethereum\u2019s base layer speed is expected to rise from roughly 15\u201320 transactions per second to around 40\u201360 transactions per second, marking one of the biggest performance jumps in its history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n However, Fusaka is much more than just a block size increase. It introduces two key technical innovations that allow this capacity boost without<\/em> sacrificing Ethereum\u2019s security or decentralization:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Together, PeerDAS and Verkle Trees enable Ethereum to scale up significantly without breaking decentralization. Fusaka\u2019s core goal is to expand Ethereum\u2019s capacity and<\/em> preserve its security. By raising the data limits per block while using smarter data validation techniques, the network can handle more transactions at lower fees, especially benefiting Layer-2 scaling solutions that rely on posting data to Ethereum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nodes can now verify data they haven’t even downloaded.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n The headline feature of the Fusaka upgrade is PeerDAS (EIP-7594), a fundamental shift in how Ethereum handles data. Previously, every validator on the network had to download all the data from Layer 2 “blobs” to verify it was available. This created a significant bottleneck, limiting how much the network could scale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n PeerDAS introduces a technique called “data availability sampling.” Instead of downloading entire blobs, validators now only need to download a small fraction of the data to be statistically certain that the complete dataset exists. To make this possible, blobs are split into tiny pieces called “cells” and organized into “columns.” Each validator is assigned specific columns to sample from their peers. It\u2019s like confirming an entire book is intact by checking just a few random pages. This is enabled by a mathematical technique called “erasure coding,” which adds redundant data that allows the full dataset to be reconstructed even if parts are missing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n ALSO READ: What is proof of work in blockchain<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n This change is a massive breakthrough for scaling. For full nodes, it slashes data requirements by roughly 80%. Solo stakers will see around a 50% reduction in download bandwidth, though their upload bandwidth will initially increase 2-3x. This makes it more affordable for regular people to participate in securing the network, strengthening decentralization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n More importantly, this efficiency gain allows Ethereum to 8x the data capacity available for Layer 2s. This paves the way to serve exponentially more users, unlocking a potential ecosystem throughput of over 100,000 transactions per second. It is the key to massive scaling, and as we’ll see, its economic potential is secured by other changes in this upgrade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n ALSO READ: Ethereum L2 Networks Explained<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n You’ll soon sign transactions with your face.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n The Fusaka upgrade includes passkey support through EIP-7951. This update adds support for the secp256r1 signature scheme, which is the cryptographic standard used by modern devices like iPhones and Android phones for their built-in security features. This EIP formally corrects security flaws found in a previous proposal (RIP-7212), establishing a secure and standardized implementation for the entire ecosystem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n This means users will soon be able to sign Ethereum transactions using the same biometrics they use to unlock their phones\u2014like Face ID or a fingerprint sensor\u2014instead of managing complex and vulnerable seed phrases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n ALSO READ: Importance of Crypto Security<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n This is a critical step for mass adoption. For years, the seed phrase has been the single greatest point of failure for users, leading to catastrophic losses from theft, phishing, or simple misplacement. EIP-7951 lowers the barrier to entry by bringing wallet security up to the standard people already expect from modern applications, lessening the divide between “everyday” apps and “crypto” apps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ethereum is about to 10x the wallet UX. The Fusaka upgrade includes EIP-7951 – support for the signature scheme that the iPhones use to power things like Face ID. Meaning you’ll soon be able to sign transactions with your face. Huge win for bringing normal people on-chain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A ‘price floor’ for data will actually make L2 fees more stable.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n One of the most counter-intuitive changes in Fusaka is EIP-7918, which establishes a “reserve price” or “fee floor” for blobs. Before this upgrade, blob fees could drop to near-zero because the main cost for Layer 2s was often the execution gas, not the blob fee itself. This made the blob fee market unresponsive and highly volatile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n EIP-7918 corrects this by linking the minimum blob fee to the execution base fee. This prevents the price of blobs from collapsing during periods of low activity and ensures there is always a meaningful cost associated with using this data space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n ALSO READ: Blockchain Trilemma Explained<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n This is the upgrade’s most significant economic shift. By ensuring Layer 2s always pay a meaningful price for resources, Ethereum is asserting pricing power in the data availability market. This move transforms blobs from a subsidized utility into a scalable revenue stream for the protocol and ETH holders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The financial impact is stunning. An analysis by Fidelity Digital Assets estimates that if EIP-7918 had been active since the Dencun upgrade, it could have generated an additional $78,646,739 (24,641 ETH) in cumulative revenue<\/strong> for the protocol. This isn’t a theoretical improvement; it’s a tangible, multi-million dollar change that makes the network’s economics more sustainable and predictable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The network can now increase its data capacity on the fly.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Fusaka introduces a new, more flexible upgrade method called Blob Parameter Only (BPO) forks (EIP-7892). This mechanism allows the network to increase its data capacity without waiting for a major, coordinated hard fork that bundles many changes together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Following the Fusaka upgrade, developers have an aggressive schedule to scale capacity. BPO1 activates on December 9, 2025, raising the limits to 10 target and 15 maximum blobs, followed by BPO2 on December 17, pushing capacity to 14 target and 21 maximum blobs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
READ MORE: Ethereum Pectra Upgrade Explained: How It Benefits Users & Developers<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nWhat Is the Fusaka Upgrade?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n5 Major Changes from the Fusaka Upgrade<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
1. Verifying Massive Amounts of Data Without Downloading It<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Analysis and Impact<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
2. Your Phone’s Security Is Now Your Crypto Wallet’s Security<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Analysis and Impact<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Powerful Quote<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
3. Making Fees Cheaper by\u2026 Setting a Minimum Price?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Analysis and Impact<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
4. Ethereum Can Now Upgrade Itself Between Upgrades<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n